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1. Roczniki Filozoficzne: Volume > 70 > Issue: 3
Maria Joanna Gondek Orcid-ID Maria Joanna Gondek
On Foresight Functions of Rhetorical Invention in Acts of Counselling
O Prowidencyjnych Funkcjach Inwencji Retorycznej w Aktach Doradczych

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Counselling acts consist in indicating useful activities, remedying human deficiencies. Counselling acts are guided by practical cognition. Since counselling activities are oriented towards the future, their crucial element is foresight. It is cognitive reflection foreseeing the implementation of counselling acts. Counselling acts are actualised in rhetorical and communicational context which is associated with persuasive delivery of counselling content. Belonging to the rhetorical canon, invention disposes of factors that influence the justifying formulation of advisory content. Invention factors introduce the anticipatory determinations and concretisations of counselling content. At rhetorical level, inventive methodology plays anticipatory functions which are convergent with tasks of foresight in practical cognition.
2. Roczniki Filozoficzne: Volume > 69 > Issue: 4
Grzegorz P. Karwasz Orcid-ID Grzegorz P. Karwasz
On Determinism, Causality, and Free Will: Contribution from Physics
O Determinizmie, Przyczynowości i Wolnej Woli

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Determinism, causality, chance, free will and divine providence form a class of interlaced problems lying in three domains: philosophy, theology, and physics. Recent article by Dariusz Łukasiewicz in Roczniki Filozoficzne (no. 3, 2020) is a great example. Classical physics, that of Newton and Laplace, may lead to deism: God created the world, but then it goes like a mechanical clock. Quantum mechanics brought some “hope” for a rather naïve theology: God acts in gaps between quanta of indetermination. Obviously, any strict determinism jeopardizes the existence of free will. Yes, but only if human mind follows the laws of physics and only if nothing exists outside the physical limits of space and time. We argue that human action lies in-between two worlds: “earth” and “heavens” using the language of Genesis. In that immaterial world, outside time and space constraints, there is no place for the chain of deterministic events. We discuss, in turn, that the principle of causality, a superior law even in physics, reigns also in the non-material world. Though, determinism in the material universe and causality in both worlds seem to be sufficient conditions, to eliminate “chaotic”, or probabilistic causes from human (and divine) action.
3. Roczniki Filozoficzne: Volume > 69 > Issue: 4
Anna Głąb Orcid-ID Anna Głąb
Wrongdoing and Forgiveness in Boris Pasternak’s Doctor Zhivago
Krzywda i Przebaczenie w Doktorze Żywago Borysa Pasternaka

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Could even the most ideal love justify betrayal? The author invites the reader to examine Boris Pasternak’s Doctor Zhivago through the lens of wrongdoing and forgiveness. She ponders whether Lara Antipova and Yura Zhivago can justify their actions with the beauty and the force of their love. In the light of the moral consequences of their actions, she finds such justification to be impossible. In her view the novel, culminating in the main characters’ deaths, opens itself to a transcendental sphere in which wounded people are laid bare in their humanity before themselves, free of the baggage of guilt and harm, ready for conciliation.
4. Roczniki Filozoficzne: Volume > 69 > Issue: 4
Marek Sikora Orcid-ID Marek Sikora
From the Death to Rebirth of Religion: Evolution of Leszek Kołakowski’s Thought in the Context of the Question: “Who Is Man?”
Od Śmierci Do Ponownych Narodzin Religii

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In his numerous books and articles, Leszek Kołakowski brought up a number of topics in the fields of the history of philosophy and contemporary philosophy. His work offers valuable insights into problems revolving around Karl Marx’s philosophy, social philosophy, and the philosophy of religion, to mention but a few. In all these areas of thought, the Polish philosopher centres his focus on the fundamental question of man. The present paper is aimed at discussing Leszek Kołakowski’s contribution to the philosophical debate on this topic. The evolution of Kołakowski’s views is traced from the Marxist concept of man which, after a certain period, is discarded by the philosopher in favour of a religious concept, to be confronted again with a liberal theory. Kołakowski is not uncritical about any of the conceptions, which testifies to the profound complexity of every attempt to gain insights into the very essence of the human being which, irrespective of the doctrine or perspective taken for interpretation, escapes clear-cut definition. However, despite the lack of unambiguous definitions Kołakowski recognises that the sole point of reference in any attempts to gain an understanding of the human condition in culture is religion.
5. Roczniki Filozoficzne: Volume > 69 > Issue: 4
Zenon E. Roskal Orcid-ID Far Worlds in Astronomical Research: (rec.: Paul MURDIN. The Secret Lives of Planets: Order, Chaos, and Uniqueness in the Solar System)
6. Roczniki Filozoficzne: Volume > 69 > Issue: 2
Elżbieta Łukasiewicz Orcid-ID Elżbieta Łukasiewicz
Why Hope Cannot Be an Intellectual Virtue: Rationality of Hope Considered from an Analytic Perspective
Dlaczego Nadzieja Nie Może Być Cnotą Epistemiczną

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There are two aims of the paper. The first is to critically analyse the claim that hope can be regarded as an intellectual virtue, as proposed by Nancy E. Snow (2013) in her recent account of hope set within the project of regulative epistemology. The second aim is to explore the problem of rationality of hope. Section one of the paper explains two different interpretations of the key notion of hope and discusses certain features to be found in hope-that and hope-in. Section two addresses the question of whether hope could be interpreted as an intellectual virtue. To develop an argument against that view, a brief account of the notion of epistemic virtue is provided. Section three analyses the problem of rationality of hope and the parallels between rational belief and rational hope; the section focuses on what exactly makes a particular hope-that a rational and justified hope. Belief that p is possible/probable is part of the meaning of hope that p; therefore, it is assumed that rationality of hope cannot be considered in isolation from rationality of belief. It is argued that the “standard account” of the reasonableness of hope, which is found in the analytic literature, does not meet the standards of epistemic responsibility and needs rectifying.
7. Roczniki Filozoficzne: Volume > 69 > Issue: 2
Wanda Bajor Orcid-ID Wanda Bajor
Body–Soul and the Birth and Death of Man: Benedict Hesse’s Opinion in the Mediaeval Discussion
Ciało–Dusza A Narodziny I Śmierć Człowieka

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This issue was discussed with regard to chosen commentaries to Aristotle’s treatise De anima, formed in the so-called via moderna mainstream, in particular those of John Buridan, Nicole Oresme and Laurentius of Lindores. In such a context, the Cracovian commentaries referring to Parisian nominalists were presented by those of Benedict Hesse and Anonymus. The analyses carried out above allow one to ascertain that although William of Ockham’s opinion questioning the possibility of knowledge of the soul in the field of philosophy, nominalists of the late Middle Ages did not resign from speculation on the beginning (birth) and the separation (death) from the body of the soul, also the fate of the soul after death. They focused on the nature of the matter – human body (embryo, semen) and his relation with the soul (forma) – in the moment of birth. In the aspect of death 14th century scholars undertook the struggle, which was one with the justification of the psycho-physical unity of the human being existing after death solely as an immortal soul. In both thems, they tried to find their solutions, while if they could not solve these aporeticals questions – they had the courage to admit, that is not possible by solely relying on the natural forces of reason. They had to refer to the teaching of christianity, without however falling prey to fideism. This was a methodical endeavour based on the experience that natural reason in searching for the truth is not capable of its own efforts to attain to certain concepts and might on occasion err, it is then that faith becomes its guide and supplies it with more acceptable solutions. This is the courage of one of the greatest philosophers – Plato, who said that you have to have this “great courage” to undertake only probable knowledge, when another is not possible.
8. Roczniki Filozoficzne: Volume > 70 > Issue: 2
Jakub Gużyński Orcid-ID Jakub Gużyński
Integral Ecology and Anthropocentrism: John Milbank’s Ecological Personalism
Ekologia Integralna I Antropocentryzm — Personalizm Ekologiczny Johna Milbanka

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The article discusses the ecological aspects of John Milbank’s thought in the context of the growing climate crisis. For this purpose, the concept of integral ecology is interpreted in the spirit of Milbank’s integralism, which rejects the notion of “pure nature” as a manifestation of secularism and calls for theological grounding of the environmental discourse. This perspective allows us to see the limitations of the modern way of thinking, caught up in the metaphors of “conquest of nature” and “return to nature.” As an alternative, the concept of “kenotic anthropocentrism” is proposed, which sees man as a rational, social, creative and religious animal, that somehow transcends his own nature, being called to union with God. On the one hand, such an approach proclaims the ontological superiority of man over other creatures, and on the other, it reminds us of his role as the guardian—and not the owner—of the Earth. Thus, it differs significantly from Clive Hamilton’s “modest anthropocentrism,” whose call to care for the environment is ultimately based on arbitrary freedom and the imperative of self-preservation. Milbank’s position is closer to Bruno Latour’s (anti-)anthropocentrism emphasizing the role of man as a political representative of silent earthlings—rivers, mountains and animals. However, Milbank advocates a strong ontological hierarchy rejected by Latour, which makes him less sensitive to the material dimension of climate change. Moreover, Milbank’s militant anti-secularism may be an obstacle to a much needed broader discussion of the ecological crisis, even if his critique of modernity is hard to ignore.
9. Roczniki Filozoficzne: Volume > 70 > Issue: 2
Tomasz Kupś Orcid-ID Tomasz Kupś
Kierkegaard On Descartes: Doubt as a Prefiguration of Existential Despair
Kierkegaard o Kartezjuszu. Wątpienie Jako Prefiguracja Egzystencjalnej Rozpaczy

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In his early, unfinished essay entitled Johannes Climacus, or De omnibus dubitandum est, Søren Kierkegaard enters into a polemic with Hegel’s interpretation of the methodic Cartesian doubt. Kierkegaard questions the philosophical absolutism of Cartesian scepticism and his methodological universalism. For the first time in Kierkegaard’s writings, the sphere of speculation (thinking) is confronted with personal involvement (will). Kierkegaard never published this work (it came out posthumously), and did not make any direct reference to Descartes in the same form ever again. However, certain subjects and themes remained: doubt (contrasted with despair) and the alias (Johannes Climacus), used when writing that early essay.
10. Roczniki Filozoficzne: Volume > 70 > Issue: 2
Łukasz Dominiak, Orcid-ID Igor Wysocki Orcid-ID Łukasz Dominiak
The Anarcho-Capitalist Case Against the State as a Challenge to the Minarchist Libertarians
Anarchokapitalistyczna Argumentacja Przeciwko Państwu Jako Wyzwanie Dla Minarchistycznych Libertarian

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The present paper formulates the principled anarcho-capitalist case against the state and investigates the possible minarchist replies thereto. It identifies three and only three logically available (general) ways of undermining the anarcho-capitalist case and argues that none of them works for minarchism (although they might work for other political philosophies) due to the premises from which this theory starts. The sketch of the analysis presented in the paper suggests that minarchist research program falls short of theoretical soundness or even of logical validity (albeit not necessarily of a political appeal).
11. Roczniki Filozoficzne: Volume > 70 > Issue: 2
Piotr Lichacz Orcid-ID Piotr Lichacz
Tricky Intuitions
Kłopotliwe Intuicje

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This article is a critical discussion of the book Setting Health-Care Priorities by Torbjörn Tännsjö. This critique targets mainly Tännsjö’s method, but also several unjustified conclusions and some implicit assumptions.
12. Roczniki Filozoficzne: Volume > 70 > Issue: 2
Torbjörn Tännsjö Orcid-ID Torbjörn Tännsjö
Setting Health-Care Priorities: A Reply to Piotr Lichacz
Setting Health-Care Priorities: Odpowiedź Piotrowi Lichaczowi

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I discuss the comments from Professor Piotr Lichacz on my book, Setting Health-Care Priorities. What Ethical Theories Tell Us (New York: OUP, 2019). The idea that our reluctance to let go of life and abstain from marginal life extension is irrational is defended against his criticism. The methodology used in the book—urging us to rely in our testing on ethical theories on the content of our considered moral intuitions—is explained at length and the notion of cognitive psychotherapy involved in it is defended.
13. Roczniki Filozoficzne: Volume > 70 > Issue: 2
Kingsley Mbamara Sabastine Orcid-ID On the Kinship of Spirit and Thought
14. Roczniki Filozoficzne: Volume > 69 > Issue: 3
Paul K. Moser Orcid-ID Paul K. Moser
Experiential Dissonance and Divine Hiddenness
Dysonans Doświadczeniowy i Boże Ukrycie

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Our expectations for human experience of God can obscure the reality and the presence of such experience for us. They can lead us to look in the wrong places for God’s presence, and they can lead us not to look at all. This article counters the threat of misleading expectations regarding God, while acknowledging a role for diving hiding from humans on occasion. It contends that, given God’s perfect moral character, we should expect typical human experience of God to have moral dissonance, that is, experiential conflict in morally relevant ways. We shall see the evidential or cognitive importance of how humans respond to such dissonance. Our failing to respond cooperatively with God can result either in our obscuring evidence of divine reality or in God’s hiding divine self-manifestation for redemptive purposes aimed at our benefit.
15. Roczniki Filozoficzne: Volume > 69 > Issue: 3
Eleonore Stump Orcid-ID Eleonore Stump
Theology and the Knowledge of Persons
Teologia I Wiedza o Osobach

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The aim of the paper is to discern between philosophy and theology. A philosopher is looking after impersonal wisdom, a theologian searches for a personal God. This differentiation is fundamental because knowledge of persons differs from knowledge that. The author shows how taking into account the fact that theology is based on the second-person knowledge changes the way one should approach the hiddenness argument.
16. Roczniki Filozoficzne: Volume > 69 > Issue: 3
Miłosz Hołda, Orcid-ID Dominique Lambert Orcid-ID Miłosz Hołda
The Problem of Divine Hiddenness in the Context of Science
Problem Bożej Ukrytości w Kontekście Nauki

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The aim of the paper is to try to find a solution to the problem of divine hiddenness, which in the context of science takes the form of the question of why, if God exists, science can completely ignore Him and yet explain away so much. We formulate the “argument from hiddenness in the context of science” modelled on the “argument from hiddenness” proposed by J. L. Schellenberg and show possible ways to refute this argument. We also propose a refutation in the form of “explanatory absconditheism,” the best expression of which is the thesis of “articulation” of scientific and theological ways of explaining the world. We also argue that the thesis of “explanatory absconditheism” can be extended to the entire discussion of divine hiddenness, providing possible response to the “argument from hiddenness.”
17. Roczniki Filozoficzne: Volume > 69 > Issue: 3
J. L. Schellenberg The Hiddenness Argument
18. Roczniki Filozoficzne: Volume > 69 > Issue: 3
Travis Dumsday Orcid-ID Travis Dumsday
From Satan’s Wager to Eve’s Gambit to Our Leap: An Anselmian Reply to the Problem of Divine Hiddenness
Od Zakładu Szatana, Przez Podstęp Ewy, Do Naszego Skoku

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While St. Anselm does not supply us with an explicit discussion of the problem of divine hiddenness (PDH) as it is typically conceived today—namely, as an argument for atheism—he is keenly aware of the existential difficulty posed by our seeming lack of access to God. Moreover, he provides the ingredients for an interesting and heretofore neglected approach to the PDH, one rooted in multiple Christian narratives about lapses from knowledge-infused states of grace, both angelic and human. The goal of this paper is to draw out that Anselmian approach explicitly, and to provide at least a rudimentary assessment of it.
19. Roczniki Filozoficzne: Volume > 69 > Issue: 3
Ryszard Mordarski Orcid-ID Ryszard Mordarski
Benevolence or Mercy?: The Problem with the First Premise of the Hiddenness Argument
Dobroczynność Czy Miłosierdzie?

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The first premise of J. L. Schellenberg’s Hiddenness Argument equates God’s love with a positive relationship to human beings. To illustrate this relationship, the human model of parental love is used, based on the standards of the modern American liberal world, not on the biblical standard. As a result, we attribute to God a narrowly understood horizontal relationship towards people, which is completely alien to the understanding of love developed in the Christian tradition. When we refer to the classical theism that recognized love as the central attribute of God, we will see that it should be understood in a vertical model, consisting in the offering of good and mercy. This understanding undermines the benevolent theism and replaces it with the merciful theism or theism of mercy. Ultimately, this makes the first premise of the Hiddenness Argument very questionable and the whole argument calls for a significant revision.
20. Roczniki Filozoficzne: Volume > 69 > Issue: 3
Marek Dobrzeniecki, Orcid-ID Derek King Orcid-ID Marek Dobrzeniecki
The Theology of Hiddenness: J. L. Schellenberg, Divine Hiddenness, and the Role of Theology
Boże Ukrycie I Rola Teologii

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The paper explores Pascal’s idea according to which the teachings of the Church assume the hiddenness of God, and, hence, there is nothing surprising in the fact of the occurrence of nonresistant nonbelief. In order to show it the paper invokes the doctrines of the Incarnation, the Church as the Body of Christ, and the Original Sin. The first one indicates that there could be greater than nonbelief obstacle in forming interpersonal bonds with God, namely the ontological chasm between him and human persons. The assumption of the human nature by the Son of God could be seen as a cure for this problem. The doctrine of the Church shows it as an end in itself, and in order for the Church to have meaning and to exist there has to be nonbelief in the world. Finally, the dogma of the Original Sin shows that there is no category of purely nonresistant nonbelief. The paper also addresses Schellenberg’s “accommodationist strategy” from the perspective of the Christian theology and in the last part it investigates what should be the influence of the fact of the hiddenness on theology’s take on the divine revelation.