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21. Grazer Philosophische Studien: Volume > 49
David Pears Hintikka's Interpretation of Wittgenstein's Treatment of Sensation-Language
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Wittgenstein's critique of solipsism is explained as a development in three stages. In the first, which appeares in the Notebooks 1914-16 and Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus, he criticizes the solipsist for not identifying his ego and, therefore, leaving the objects presented to it unidentified. He argues that this is like trying to identify the eye without using any psychological facts. In the second stage, which appeares in The Blue Book and Notes for Lectures on "Private Experience" and "Sensations", he assumes that the solipsist does not even try to identify his ego but merely points at the objects of which he is directly aware. The critique of this inward pointing is based on a development of the original analogy between ego and eye. The third stage is the argument against the possibility of a sensation-language without any connections with the physical world. This appeares in Notes for Lectures on "Private Experience" and "Sense Data" and in Philosophical Investigations. Here the focus is not on the ego but on the objects presented to it. However the criticism is similar: those objects and their types need criteria of identity but would not have sense i f they were not connected with the physical world.
22. Grazer Philosophische Studien: Volume > 49
Ulrike Leopold-Wildburger Induction as a Connection between Philosophy, Psychology and Economics: A Plea for Experimental Research
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It is the aim of this paper to find a systematic approach to the study of induction by integrating the ideas of several disciplines to have a successful instrument for analyzing processes of inference, learning and discovery. On the way to generalities which enable sensible forecasts the social and economic sciences use empirical work and nowadays we are encouraged to use more and more experimental access to investigate analogous situations. Induction is used as a fundamental concept and experimental work has brought some lights behind learning and inference.
23. Grazer Philosophische Studien: Volume > 5
Johann Götschl Brentanos Analyse des Zeitbegriffes
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Die Rekonstruktion von Brentanos Analyse des Zeitbegriffes zeigt, daß der Zeitbegriff sich nicht in mathematischen bzw. physikalischen Darstellungen erschöpfen kann, sondern vielmehr einer phänomenologischen bzw. epistemologischen Analyse bedarf Brentanos Theorie des Zeitlichen liefert hierfür ein Ordnungsschema, mit dessen Hilfe der Unterschied wie der Zusammenhang zwischen mathematisch-physikalischen und phänomenologischen Erkenntnisebenen erfaßt werden kann.
24. Grazer Philosophische Studien: Volume > 5
Stephan Körner Über Brentanos Reismus und die extensionale Logik
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Nach einem kurzen, kritischen Bericht über die Gründe, die Brentano zur Ablehnung der mathematischen Logik bewogen, wird gezeigt, daß seine (spätere) Analyse der logischen Urteilsformen sich in einem finiten Untersystem der exakten Prädikatenlogik interpretieren läßt. Es wird sodann ausgeführt, daß dieses logische System auch zur Formulierung seiner Relationstheorie geeignet ist - sofern man von der Kontinualrelation absieht. Dieser wird aber durch eine Erweiterung der Prädikatenlogik durch inexakte Prädikate genügegetan. Schließlich wird erklärt, wie Brentanos Auffassung der logischen Modalitäten als Urteilsmodi in diesem logischen System ausgedrückt werden kann. Eine kurze Nachbemerkung gilt dem Verständnis zwischen Brentanos Ontologie und der von ihr angeregten logischen Theorie.
25. Grazer Philosophische Studien: Volume > 5
Guido Küng Zur Erkenntnistheorie von Franz Brentano
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Brentano hat in seinen Analysen der Wahrnehmung zwei wichtige Punkte hervorgehoben: (a) daß die innere Wahrnehmung nur ein Bewußtsein "nebenbei" sei; und (b) daß die äußere Wahrnehmung ein räumlich Ausgedehntes (und nicht eine Idee) zum Objekt habe. Er ging aber nicht weit genug, sondern blieb dem Kartesianismus verhaftet, indem er die innere Wahrnehmung immer noch ein Erkennen nannte, und andererseits vom Objekt der äußeren Wahrnehmung sagte, daß es in Wahrheit gar nicht bestehe. Wenn man aber weiter geht und zugesteht, daß die sogenannte innere Wahrnehmung gar kein eigentliches Erkennen ist, und daß es im Gegenteil die äußere Wahrnehmung ist, welche die Wirklichkeit erkennt, dann wird es unmöghch, sich in der Erkenntnistheorie mit Descartes auf unmittelbare untrügliche Evidenz zu berufen. Descartes bleibt aber insofern im Recht, als es trotz allem sinnvoll bleibt, zur Rechtfertigung von Erkenntnissen auf die sogenannte innere Wahrnehmung zu verweisen.
26. Grazer Philosophische Studien: Volume > 5
Paul Weingartner Brentano's Criticism of the Correspondence Theory of Truth and the Principle "Ens et verum convertuntur"
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This paper investigates Brentano's criticism of the correspondence theory of truth within the context of a discussion of his ontological assumptions. Brentano's interpretation of the formula Veritas est adaequatio rei et intellectus and of the principle ens et verum convertuntur is shown to fit into the history of these principles and into modern interpretations like that of Tarski.
27. Grazer Philosophische Studien: Volume > 5
Elizabeth Anscombe Will and Emotion
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This paper considers and criticizes Brentano's contention of the identity in kind between wül and emotion.
28. Grazer Philosophische Studien: Volume > 5
Heiner Rütte Brentanos antinaturalistische Grundlegung der Ethik
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Die Arbeit untersucht und kritisiert Brentanos antinaturalistische, aber auch antiessentialistische Grundlegung der Ethik,d.h. des Prinzips der Richtigkeit bzw. Unrichtigkeit von Gemütsbewegungen, die Analogiesetzung zu den Urteilen, die Fundierungim Evidenzbegriff sowie bestimmte Konsequenzen für die moralische Fragestellung.
29. Grazer Philosophische Studien: Volume > 5
Dagfinn Føllesdal Brentano and Husserl on Intentional Objects and Perception
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The article is a comparative critical discussion of the views of Brentano and Husserl on intentional objects and on perception. Brentano's views on intentional objects are first discussed, with special attention to the problems connected with the status of the intentional objects. It is then argued that Husserl overcomes these problems by help of his notion of noema. Similarly, in the case of perception, Brentano's notion of physical phenomena is argued to be less satisfactory than Husserl's notion of hyle, whose role in Husserl's theory of perception is briefly sketched.
30. Grazer Philosophische Studien: Volume > 5
Edgar Morscher Brentano and His Place in Austrian Philosophy
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The first part of this paper summarizes what I take to be the most important doctrines of Brentano's philosophy. The second part investigates the possible meanings of the term 'Austrian philosophy'. The third part attempts to say something about Brentano's place in Austrian philosophy — whatever that may be --, while the fourth part focuses on a problem in which I am especially interested. The paper closes with a proposal for what the expression 'Austrian philosophy' could mean.
31. Grazer Philosophische Studien: Volume > 5
Rudolf Haller Brentanos Sprachkritik, oder daß "man unterscheiden muß was es (hier) zu unterscheiden gibt"
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Auf die Frage nach der Art und Weise von Abhängigkeitsverhältnissen, nach dem Begriffsapparat des Urteilenden und den beurteilten Gegenständen muß unterschieden werden, "was es (hier) zu unterscheiden gibt". Dabei werden die ontologischen Voraussetzungen von erkenntnismäßigen unterschieden. Die Aufgabe solcher Unterscheidungen kommt der Sprachkritik zu, der auch die Aufgabe übertragen wkd, alle 'entia', die nicht Dinge sind, bloßzulegen.
32. Grazer Philosophische Studien: Volume > 5
Intentionality of Thought versus Intentionality of Desire
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The work of Brentano's English contemporary J. E. McTaggart is in several ways profitable for Brentano scholars to study: I here cosider his views on the nature and classification of mental states. In McTaggart's account the characteristic of being a 'cognition', one that some but not all 'cogitations' have, corresponds to Brentano's notion of Anerkennen; quite unlike Brentano, he holds that contrariety obtains only between the contents of judgments, not between contrary acts of affirming and denying; like Brentano however he recognizes contrariety in the realm of emotion and feeling, e.g. between love and hate, pleasure and pain. He regards feelings and emotions as mere colourings of cogitations, and thinks that their relation to an object (intentionality, as Brentano would say) comes about merely from their cogitative aspect. This view is attractively simple; but by considering McTaggart's own view of emotions' being in respect of characteristics of their objects, we can find serious ground to reject it.
33. Grazer Philosophische Studien: Volume > 5
Izydora Dąmbska François Brentano et la Pensee philosophique en Pologne: Casimir Twardowski et son École
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La pensée de Brentano a exercé une durable influence sur la Philosophie en Pologne surtout grâce à Casimir Twardowski, disciple de Brentano et lui-même fondateur d'une importante école philosophique, proche en son ésprit de la philosophie analytique. Twardowski tout en développant certaines idées de Brentano parvenait dans diverses questions aux solutions opposées à Celles de son maître. L'article cherche à préciser les résultats de cette continuation et de cette opposition dans l'oeuvre de Twardowski et de ses disciples tels que Łukasiewicz, Kotarbiński, Czeżowksi, e.a.
34. Grazer Philosophische Studien: Volume > 5
Roderick M. Chisholm Brentano's Conception of Substance and Accident
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Brentano uses terms in place of predicates (e.g. "a thinker" in place of "thinks") and characterizes the "is" of predication in terms of the part-whole relation. Taking as his ontological data certain intentional phenomena that are apprehended with certainty, he conceives the substance-accident relation as a defmeable type of part-whole relation which we can apprehend in "inner perception". He is then able to distinguish the following types of individual or ens reale: substances; primary individuals which are not substances; accidents; aggregates; and boundaries.
35. Grazer Philosophische Studien: Volume > 5
Rolf George Brentano's Relation to Aristotle
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The paper tries to illustrate the influence of Aristotle's thought upon Brentano by arguing that the view that all psychological phenomena have objects was proably derived from the Aristotelian conception that the mind can know itself only en parergo, and that this knowledge presupposes that some other thing be in the mind "objectively". Brentano's contribution to Aristotle scholarship is illustrated by reviewing some of his arguments against Zeller's claim that Aristotle's God, contemplating only himself, is ignorant of the world. The paper concludes with an attempt to explain the relative neglect into which Brentano's exegetical efforts have fallen.
36. Grazer Philosophische Studien: Volume > 5
George Katkov The World in Which Brentano Believed He Lived
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The first part of this paper gives a summary of some philosophical discoveries of Brentano which affected his outlook on the world in which he lived. The other, lesser part, contains reminiscences of how the philosophical thinking of the man affected his behaviour to the world around him.
37. Grazer Philosophische Studien: Volume > 5
Herbert Spiegelberg On the Significance of the Correspondence Between Franz Brentano and Edmund Husserl
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This correspondence, still unpublished, extends over fourty years. Its significance is both biographical and philosophical. Biographically it shows Brentano's tolerant friendship for his emancipated student and Husserl's unwavering veneration for his only philosophical teacher. The philosophical issues taken up are Euclidean axiomatics, Husserl's departure from Brentano in the Logical Investigations by distinguishing two types of logic as the way out from psychologism, and the possibility of negative presentations, but not Husserl's new phenomenology. Few agreements are reached, but the dissents were clarified.
38. Grazer Philosophische Studien: Volume > 5
Klaus Hedwig Der scholastische Kontext des Intentionalen bei Brentano
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Im Ausgang vom historischen Scholastikbild Brentanos wird nach den Quellen und Interpretationshinsichten gefragt, die für Brentanos frühe und späte Fassung des Intentionalen leitend waren. Dabei zeigt sich, daß die Voraussetzung der Intentionalität in der aristotelischen Sachproblematik der Wahrnehmung liegt (De an. 424 al7), die Brentano mit dem scholastischen Begriff obiective interpretiert, einem Terminus, den Brentano von der Neuscholastik, aber auch von Descartes und dem spätmittelalterlichen Konzeptualismus her kannte. Es ist nun entscheidend, daß in dieser Terminologie nur ein sehr eingeschränkter Aspekt der scholastischen Intentionalität thematisch ist, der in seiner internen Problematik den Ansatzpunkt für alle späteren Reinterpretationen abgibt.
39. Grazer Philosophische Studien: Volume > 5
Burnham Terrell Quantification and Brentano's Logic
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Brentano's innovations in logical theory are considered in the context of his descriptive psychology, with its distinction between differences in quality and in object of mental phenomena. Objections are raised to interpretations that depend on a parallel between Urteil and assertion of a proposition. A more appropriate parallel is drawn between the assertion as subject to description in a metalanguage and the Urteil as secondary object in inner perception. This parallel is then applied so as to suggest a reinterpretation of substitutional quantification, rendering the substitutional interpretation immune to problems that often arise as to the relation between substitutional range and referential range.
40. Grazer Philosophische Studien: Volume > 50
Terence Parsons Meinongian Semantics Generalized
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It is tempting to think that Meinong overlooked the "specific/nonspecific" distinction. For example, 'I am looking for a grey horse' may either mean that there is a specific horse I am looking for (e.g. one I lost), or just that I am grey-horse-seeking. The former reading, and not the latter, requires for its truth that there be a grey horse. The purpose of this paper is to investigate whether it is defensible to maintain Meinong's theory here: to take nonspecific reading of any verb concerning a possibly non-existent but incomplete object. This requires essential appeal to the distinction between nuclear and extranuclear properties. Included is a discussion of criticisms of Meinong's own theory, and of the Medieval theory of ampliation, according to which psychological discourse can "ampliate" a term such as 'chimera' so as to stand for one or more things that cannot exist, yet are chimeras. The paper concludes inconclusively.